PROVIDENCE OF GOD (31)
PDT. BUDI ASALI, M. DIV.
William G. T. Shedd: “When God executes his decree that Saul of Tarsus shall be ‘a vessel of mercy’, he works efficiently within him by his Holy Spirit ‘to will and to do’. When God executes his decree that Judas Iscariot shall be ‘a vessel of wrath fitted for destruction’, he does not work efficiently within him ‘to will and to do’, but permissively in the way of allowing him to have his own wicked will. He decides not to restrain him or to regenerate him, but to leave him to his own obstinate and rebellious inclination and purpose; and accordingly ‘the Son of man goeth, as it was determined, but woe unto that man by whom he is betrayed’ (Luke 22:22; Acts 2:23). The two Divine methods in the two cases are plainly different, but the perdition of Judas was as much foreordained and free from chance, as the conversion of Saul.” [= Pada waktu Allah melaksanakan ketetapanNya bahwa Saulus dari Tarsus akan menjadi ‘bejana / benda belas kasihan’, Ia bekerja secara efisien di dalamnya dengan Roh KudusNya ‘untuk mau / menghendaki dan untuk melakukan’. Pada waktu Allah melaksanakan ketetapanNya bahwa Yudas Iskariot akan menjadi ‘bejana kemurkaan yang cocok untuk kehancuran / benda kemurkaan yang telah dipersiapkan untuk kebinasaan’, Ia tidak bekerja secara efisien dalam dirinya ‘untuk mau / menghendaki dan untuk melakukan’, tetapi secara mengijinkan dengan cara mengijinkan dia mempunyai kehendak jahatnya sendiri. Ia memutuskan untuk tidak mengekang dia atau melahirbarukan dia, tetapi membiarkan dia pada kecondongan dan rencananya sendiri yang keras kepala dan bersifat memberontak; dan karena itu ‘Anak Manusia memang akan pergi seperti yang telah ditetapkan, akan tetapi, celakalah orang yang olehnya Ia diserahkan’ (Luk 22:22; Kis 2:23). Kedua metode ilahi dalam kedua kasus ini jelas berbeda, tetapi kebinasaan Yudas sudah ditentukan lebih dahulu dan bebas dari kebetulan, sama seperti pertobatan Saulus.] - ‘Calvinism: Pure & Mixed’, hal 31 (Libronix hal 32).
William G. T. Shedd: “Whatever undecreed must be by hap-hazard and accident. If sin does not occur by the Divine purpose and permission, it occurs by chance. And if sin occurs by chance, the deity, as in the ancient pagan theologies, is limited and hampered by it. He is not ‘God over all’. Dualism is introduced into the theory of the universe. Evil is an independent and uncontrollable principle. God governs only in part. Sin with all its effects is beyond his sway. This dualism God condemns as error, in his words to Cyrus by Isaiah, ‘I make peace and create evil’; and in the words of Proverbs 16:4, ‘The Lord hath made all things for himself; yea, even the wicked for the day of evil’.” [= Apapun yang tidak ditetapkan pasti ada karena kebetulan. Jika dosa tidak terjadi karena rencana dan ijin Ilahi, maka itu terjadi karena kebetulan. Dan jika dosa terjadi karena kebetulan, Allah, seperti dalam teologi kafir kuno, dibatasi dan dirintangi / dicegah olehnya. Ia bukanlah ‘Allah atas segala sesuatu’. Dualisme dimasukkan ke dalam teori alam semesta. Kejahatan merupakan suatu elemen hakiki yang tak tergantung dan tak terkontrol. Allah memerintah hanya sebagian. Dosa dengan semua akibatnya ada di luar pengaruh / kontrol / kekuasaanNya. Dualisme ini dikecam Allah sebagai salah, dalam kata-kata kepada Koresy oleh Yesaya, ‘Aku membuat damai dan menciptakan malapetaka / kejahatan’; dan dalam kata-kata dari Amsal 16:4, ‘Tuhan telah membuat segala sesuatu untuk diriNya sendiri; ya, bahkan orang jahat untuk hari malapetaka’.] - ‘Calvinism: Pure & Mixed’, hal 36 (Libronix hal 37).
Catatan: kata-kata Yesaya kepada Koresy itu diambil dari Yes 45:7 versi KJV. Demikian juga Amsal 16:4 diambil dan diterjemahkan dari KJV.
William G. T. Shedd: “Nothing comes to pass contrary to his decree. Nothing happens by chance. Even moral evil, which he abhors and forbids, occurs by ‘the determinate counsel and foreknowledge of God’; and yet occurs through the agency of the unforced and self-determinin
William G. T. Shedd: “The Divine decree is formed in eternity, but executed in time. ... the Divine decree, in reference to God, are one single act only.” [= Ketetapan ilahi dibentuk dalam kekekalan, tetapi dilaksanakan dalam waktu. ... ketetapan Ilahi, dalam hubungannya dengan Allah, adalah satu tindakan saja.] - ‘Shedd’s Dogmatic Theology’, vol I, hal 394 (Libronix hal 311).
William G. T. Shedd: “‘God willeth not one thing now, and another anon; but once, and at once, and always, he willeth all things that he willeth; not again and again, nor now this, now that; nor willeth afterwards, what before he willed not, nor willeth not, what before he willed; because such a will is mutable; and no mutable thing is eternal.’” [= ‘Allah tidak menghendaki sesuatu hal sekarang, dan sebentar lagi menghendaki yang lain; tetapi sekali, dan serentak, dan selalu, Ia menghendaki semua hal yang Ia kehendaki; bukannya lagi dan lagi /
Catatan: kata-kata di atas ini ia kutip dari kata-kata Augustine (dari buku ‘Confession’, XII. xv.).
William G. T. Shedd: “The Divine decree is the necessary condition of the Divine foreknowledge. If God does not first decide what shall come to pass, he cannot know what will come to pass. An event must be made certain, before it can be known as a certain event. ... So long as anything remains undecreed, it is contingent and fortuitous. It may or may not happen. In this state of things, there cannot be knowledge of any kind.” [= Ketetapan Ilahi adalah syarat yang perlu dari pra-pengetahuan
William G. T. Shedd: “The Divine decree is universal. It includes ‘whatsoever comes to pass,’ be it physical or moral, good or evil:” [= Ketetapan ilahi adalah universal. Itu mencakup ‘apapun yang akan terjadi’, apakah itu bersifat fisik atau moral, baik atau jahat:] - ‘Shedd’s Dogmatic Theology’, vol I, hal 400 (Libronix hal 314).
William G. T. Shedd: “The Divine decree is immutable. There is no defect in God, in knowledge, power, and veracity. His decree cannot therefore be changed because of a mistake of ignorance, or of inability to carry out his decree, or of unfaithfulness to his purpose.” [= Ketetapan ilahi itu tetap /
BACA JUGA: AJARAN TENTANG INKARNASI YESUS KRISTUS
William G. T. Shedd: “For the Divine mind, there is, in reality, no future event, because all events are simultaneous, owing to that peculiarity in the cognition of an eternal being whereby there is no succession in it. All events thus being present to him are of course all of them certain events.” [= Untuk pikiran Ilahi, dalam kenyataannya tidak ada kejadian / peristiwa yang akan datang, karena semua peristiwa / kejadian adalah serempak, berdasarkan kekhasan dalam pemikiran / pengertian dari makhluk kekal untuk mana tidak ada urut-urutan di dalamnya. Semua peristiwa ‘bersifat present /
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Loraine Boettner:
Loraine Boettner: “Since the universe had its origin in God and depends on Him for its continued existence it must be, in all its parts and at all times, subject to His control so that nothing can come to pass contrary to what He expressly decrees or permits. Thus the eternal purpose is represented as an act of sovereign predestination or foreordination,
Loraine Boettner: “The Pelagian denies that God has a plan; the Arminian says that God has a general plan but not a specific plan; but the Calvinist says that God has a specific plan which embraces all events in all ages.” [= Seorang Pelagian menyangkal bahwa Allah mempunyai rencana; seorang Arminian berkata bahwa Allah mempunyai suatu rencana yang umum tetapi bukan suatu rencana yang spesifik; tetapi seorang Calvinist berkata bahwa Allah mempunyai suatu rencana yang spesifik yang mencakup semua peristiwa /
Loraine Boettner: “His choice of the plan, or His making certain that the creation should be on this order, we call His foreordination or His predestina¬tion
Loraine Boettner: “Even the sinful acts of men are included in the plan and are overruled for good.” [= Bahkan tindakan-tindak
Loraine Boettner: “Although the sovereignty of God is universal and absolute, it is not the sovereignty of blind power. It is coupled with infinite wisdom, holiness and love. And this doctrine, when properly understood, is a most comforting and reassuring one. Who would not prefer to have his affairs in the hands of a God of infinite power, wisdom, holiness and love, rather than to have them left to fate, or chance, or irrevocable natural law, or to short-sighted and perverted self? Those who reject God’s sovereignty should consider what alternatives they have left.” [= Sekalipun kedaulatan Allah itu bersifat universal dan mutlak, tetapi itu bukanlah kedaulatan dari kuasa yang buta. Itu digabungkan dengan kebijaksanaan, kekudusan dan kasih yang tidak terbatas. Dan doktrin ini, jika dimengerti dengan tepat, adalah suatu doktrin yang paling menghibur dan menenteramkan. Siapa yang tidak lebih menghendaki perkaranya ada dalam tangan Allah yang mempunyai kuasa, kebijaksanaan, kekudusan dan kasih yang tidak terbatas, dari pada menyerahkannya pada nasib /
Loraine Boettner: “But while the Bible repeatedly teaches that this providential control is universal, powerful, wise, and holy, it nowhere attempts to inform us how it is to be reconciled with man’s free agency. All that we need to know is that God does govern His creatures and that His control over them is such that no violence is done to their natures. Perhaps the relationship between divine sovereignty and human freedom can best be summed up in these words: ‘God so presents the outside inducements that man acts in accordance with his own nature, yet does exactly what God has planned for him to do.’” [= Tetapi sementara Alkitab berulangkali mengajar bahwa penguasaan providensia ini bersifat universal, berkuasa, bijaksana, dan suci, dimanapun Alkitab tidak pernah berusaha untuk memberi informasi kepada kita tentang bagaimana hal itu bisa diperdamaikan /
Loraine Boettner: “The Arminian objection against foreordination bears with equal force against the foreknowledge of God. What God foreknows must, in the very nature of the case, be as fixed and certain as what is foreordained; and if one is inconsistent with the free agency of man, the other is also. Foreordination renders the events certain, while foreknowledge presupposes that they are certain.” [= Keberatan Arminian terhadap penentuan lebih dulu, mengandung /
Loraine Boettner: “Common sense tells us that no events can be foreknown unless by some means, either physical or mental, it has been predetermined. Our choice as to what determines the certainty of future events narrows down to two alternatives - the foreordination of the wise and merciful heavenly Father, or the working of blind, physical fate.” [= Akal sehat memberitahu kita bahwa tidak ada peristiwa apapun yang bisa diketahui lebih dulu kecuali hal itu telah ditentukan lebih dulu dengan cara tertentu, baik secara fisik atau mental /
Loraine Boettner: “Yet unless Arminianism denies the foreknowledge of God, it stands defenseless before the logical consistency of Calvinism; for foreknowledge implies certainty and certainty implies foreordination.
Loraine Boettner: “This fixity or certainty could have had its ground in nothing outside of the divine Mind, for in eternity nothing else existed.” [= Ketertentuan atau kepastian ini tidak bisa mempunyai dasar apapun selain Pikiran Ilahi, karena dalam kekekalan tidak ada apapun yang lain yang ada.] - ‘The Reformed Doctrine of Predestination’
Loraine Boettner: “These doctrines, now so disregarded or unknown if not openly opposed, were universally believed and maintained by the reformers, and following the Reformation were written into the creeds, catechisms, or articles of every one of the Protestant churches. Any one who will compare the printed pulpit utterances of our own day with those of the Reformers will have no difficulty in perceiving how contradictory and irreconcilably hostile they are to each other.” [= Doktrin-doktrin
Untuk membuktikan kebenaran kata-kata Loraine Boettner bahwa semua tokoh-tokoh Reformasi mempercayai doktrin ini, saya akan mengutip dari buku sejarah di bawah ini.
David Schaff: “He (Luther) inseparably connects divine foreknowledge and foreordination,
David Schaff: “2. The doctrine of eternal election and providence. Zwingli gives prominence to God’s sovereign election as the primary source of salvation.” [= 2. Doktrin tentang pemilihan kekal dan Providensia. Zwingli memberikan kemenonjolan bagi pemilihan berdaulat Allah sebagai sumber utama dari keselamatan.] - ‘History of the Christian Church’, vol VIII, hal 91.
David Schaff: “All the Reformers were originally strong Augustinian predestinarians
Catatan: dalam ‘the Free Dictionary’, kata ‘originally’ diberi bermacam-macam arti, seperti:
1. ‘at first’ [= mula-mula].
2. ‘in an original way’ [= dengan suatu cara yang orisinil].
3. ‘in a highly distinctive manner’ [= dengan suatu cara yang sangat khusus / tersendiri].
Saya menganggap arti no 1 tidak mungkin, karena mereka tak pernah berubah pandangan dalam hal ini. Jadi yang memungkinkan adalah arti no 2 dan no 3. Tetapi dilihat dari kata-kata selanjutnya yang membedakan jalan dari Agustinus dan Luther di satu pihak, dan Zwingli dan Calvin di pihak lain, maka rasanya arti no 3 itu yang paling memungkinkan.
Catatan: dalam ‘the Free Dictionary’, kata ‘originally’ diberi bermacam-macam arti, seperti:
1. ‘at first’ [= mula-mula].
2. ‘in an original way’ [= dengan suatu cara yang orisinil].
3. ‘in a highly distinctive manner’ [= dengan suatu cara yang sangat khusus / tersendiri].
Saya menganggap arti no 1 tidak mungkin, karena mereka tak pernah berubah pandangan dalam hal ini. Jadi yang memungkinkan adalah arti no 2 dan no 3. Tetapi dilihat dari kata-kata selanjutnya yang membedakan jalan dari Agustinus dan Luther di satu pihak, dan Zwingli dan Calvin di pihak lain, maka rasanya arti no 3 itu yang paling memungkinkan.
David Schaff: “Zwingli does not shrink from the abyss of supralapsariani
David Schaff: “It is very easy to caricature the doctrine of predestination,
Perlu diketahui bahwa David Schaff BUKANLAH SEORANG CALVINIST, dan itu bisa dilihat dari kata-katanya di bawah ini.
David Schaff: “Calvinism emphasizes divine sovereignty and free grace; Arminianism emphasizes human responsibility.
Catatan: menurut saya ini adalah kata-kata bodoh. Perlu dimaklumi, dia adalah seorang ahli sejarah, bukan ahli theologia.
Catatan: menurut saya ini adalah kata-kata bodoh. Perlu dimaklumi, dia adalah seorang ahli sejarah, bukan ahli theologia.
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Herman Hoeksema:
Herman Hoeksema: “For this same reason the Bible always emphasizes the fact that God ordained all things and knew them from before the foundation of the world.” [= Untuk alasan yang sama Alkitab selalu menekankan fakta bahwa Allah menentukan segala sesuatu dan mengetahui mereka sejak dunia belum dijadikan.] - ‘Reformed Dogmatics’, hal 157.
Herman Hoeksema: “Nor must we, in regard to the sinful deeds of men and devils, speak only of God’s permission in distinction from His determination. Holy Scripture speaks a far more positive language. We realize, of course, that the motive for speaking God’s permission rather than of His predetermined will in regard to sin and the evil deeds of men is that God may never be presented as the author of sin. But this purpose is not reached by speaking of God’s permission or His permissive will: for if the Almighty permits what He could just as well have prevented, it is from an ethical viewpoint the same as if He had committed it Himself. But in this way we lose God and His sovereignty: for permis¬sion presupposes the idea that there is a power without God that can produce and do something apart from Him, but which is simply permitted by God to act and operate. This is dualism, and it annihilates the complete and absolute sovereignty of God. And therefore we must main¬tain that also sin and all the wicked deeds of men and angels have a place in the counsel of God, in the counsel of His will. Thus it is taught by the Word of God. For it is certainly according to the deter¬minate counsel of God that Christ is nailed to the cross, and that Pilate and Herod, with the Gentiles and Israel, are gathered together against the holy child Jesus. It is therefore much better to say that the Lord also in His counsel hates sin and determined that that which He hates should come to pass in order to reveal His hatred and to serve the cause of God’s covenant.” [= Juga kita tidak boleh, berkenaan dengan tindakan-tindak
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Herman Bavinck:
Herman Bavinck: “All events are included in that counsel, even the sinful deeds of man,” [= Semua kejadian / peristiwa termasuk /
Herman Bavinck: “God’s decree is his eternal purpose whereby he has foreordained whatsoever comes to pass. Scripture everywhere affirms that whatsoever is and comes to pass is the realization of God’s thought and will, and has its origin and idea in God’s eternal counsel or decree, ... apart from his knowledge and will nothing can ever come to pass.” [= Ketetapan Allah adalah rencana kekalNya dengan mana Ia telah menentukan lebih dulu apapun yang akan terjadi. Kitab Suci dimana-mana menegaskan bahwa apapun yang ada dan yang akan terjadi merupakan perwujudan dari pikiran dan kehendak Allah, dan mempunyai asal mula dan gagasannya dalam rencana atau ketetapan kekal Allah, ... terpisah dari pengetahuan dan kehendakNya tak ada apapun bisa pernah terjadi.] - ‘The Doctrine of God’, hal 369.
Herman Bavinck: “Furthermore, God’s thought, embodied in creation, cannot be conceived of as an uncertain idea, doubtful of realization; it is not a ‘bare foreknowledge’ that receives its contents from creation; it is not a plan, a project, or a purpose whose execution can be frustrated. But it is an act both of God’s mind and of his will.” [= Selanjutnya, pikiran Allah, diwujudkan dalam ciptaan, tidak bisa dimengerti sebagai suatu gagasan yang tidak pasti, meragukan dalam perwujudannya; itu bukan ‘sekedar suatu pra-pengetahuan
Herman Bavinck: “God’s counsel is no more an act that pertains to the past than is the generation of the Son; it is eternal, divine act, eternally finished, yet continuing forevermore, apart from and raised above time. Scaliger correctly observed that God’s decree was not preceded by a long period of reflection and deliberation, so that for a long time God would have been without purpose and without a will; neither is it a plan once for all completed and finished and simply awaiting execution. But God’s decree is the eternally active will of God: it is the willing and purposing God himself; it is not something accidental to God, but being God’s will in action, it is one with his essence. It is impossi¬ble to conceive of God as a being without a purpose and without an active and operative will. Nevertheless, all this does not conceal the fact that God’s decree is an ‘immanent work’ determined by nothing else than by God himself, and distinct in character from God’s works in time, Acts 15:18; Eph 1:4.” [= Rencana Allah, sama seperti tindakan Bapa memperanakkan Anak, bukanlah suatu tindakan yang berhubungan dengan waktu lampau; tetapi itu adalah suatu tindakan ilahi yang kekal, sudah selesai dilakukan secara kekal, tetapi tetap berlangsung selama-lamanya,
Kis 15:18 (KJV): ‘Known unto God are all his works from the beginning of the world.’ [= Diketahui oleh Allah semua pekerjaan-peker
Catatan: saya tidak pernah membaca tentang adanya ahli theologia Reformed lain yang mempunyai pandangan seperti yang dikatakan Bavinck di awal kutipan ini (bagian yang saya garis-bawahi). Saya tak setuju dengan dia dalam hal ini. Rencana Allah memang dibuat dalam kekekalan, dan seluruhnya selesai dalam kekekalan itu. Tidak ada alasan untuk mengatakan bahwa itu merupakan suatu tindakan kekal dari Allah, seperti halnya ‘the eternal generation of the Son’ dan ‘the eternal procession of the Holy Spirit’.
Herman Bavinck: “The fact that things and events, including the sinful thoughts and deeds of men, have been eternally known and fixed in that counsel of God does not rob them of their own character but rather establishes and guarantees them all, each in its own kind and nature and in its own context and circumstances. Included in that counsel of God are sin and punishment, but also freedom and responsibility,
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John Murray:
John Murray: “It is true that all our choices and acts are foreordained, and only foreordained acts come to pass.” [= Adalah benar bahwa semua pilihan-pilihan
John Murray: “The foreknowledge of God presupposes certainty of occurrence; his foreordination renders all occurrence certain; by his providence what is foreordained is unalterably put into effect.” [= Pengetahuan lebih dulu dari Allah mensyaratkan adanya kepastian dari kejadian / peristiwa; penentuan lebih duluNya membuat semua kejadian / peristiwa itu pasti; oleh providensiaNya apa yang ditentukan lebih dulu itu dilaksanakan secara tidak mungkin berubah.] - ‘Collected Writings of John Murray’, vol II, hal 65-66.
John Murray: “The question here is that of the divine causality in connection with sin. ... There is divine predeterminatio
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Gresham Machen:
Gresham Machen: “How much is embraced in that eternal counsel of God? The true answer to that question is very simple. The true answer is ‘Everything’. Everything that happens is embraced in the eternal purpose of God; nothing at all happens outside of His eternal plan. It is obvious that nothing is too great for God. ... He made all and He rules all, and all is embraced in His eternal purpose. It is equally clear that nothing is too small for God. ... No, nothing is too trivial to form a part of God’s eternal plan. That plan embraces the small as well as the great.” [= Berapa banyak yang dicakup dalam rencana kekal Allah itu? Jawaban yang benar terhadap pertanyaan itu sangat sederhana. Jawaban yang benar adalah ‘Segala sesuatu’. Segala sesuatu yang terjadi tercakup dalam rencana kekal Allah; sama sekali tidak ada yang terjadi di luar rencana kekalNya. Adalah jelas bahwa tak ada apapun yang terlalu besar bagi Allah. ... Ia membuat / mencipta semua dan Ia memerintah semua, dan semua tercakup dalam rencana kekalNya. Adalah sama jelasnya bahwa tak ada apapun yang terlalu kecil bagi Allah. ... Tidak, tak ada apapun yang terlalu remeh untuk membentuk sebagian dari rencana kekal Allah. Rencana itu mencakup yang kecil maupun yang besar.] - ‘The Christian View of Man’, hal 35.
Gresham Machen: “If wicked actions of wicked men have a place in God’s plan, if they are foreordained of God, then is man responsible for them, and is not God the author of sin? ... Yes, man is responsible for his wicked actions; and No, God is not the author of sin.” [= Jika tindakan-tindak
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Arthur Pink:
Arthur Pink: “To declare that the Creator’s original plan has been frustrated by sin, is to dethrone God. To suggest that God was taken by surprise in Eden and that He is now attempting to remedy an unforeseen calamity, is to degrade the Most High to the level of a finite, erring mortal.” [= Menyatakan bahwa rencana orisinil dari sang Pencipta telah digagalkan oleh dosa, sama dengan menurunkan Allah dari tahta. Mengusulkan bahwa Allah dikejutkan di Eden dan bahwa Ia sekarang sedang mencoba mengobati bencana yang tadinya tidak terlihat, sama dengan merendahkan Yang Maha Tinggi sampai pada tingkat manusia yang terbatas dan bisa salah.] - ‘The Sovereignty of God’, hal 21-22.
Arthur Pink: “It was no accident that the Lord of Glory was crucified between two thieves. There are no accidents in a world that is governed by God. Much less could there have been any accident on that Day of all days, or in connection with that Event of all events - a Day and an Event which lie at the very centre of the world’s history. No; God was presiding over that scene. From all eternity He had decreed when and where and how and with whom His Son should die. Nothing was left to chance or the caprice of man. All that God had decreed came to pass exactly as He had ordained, and nothing happened save as He had eternally purposed. Whatsoever man did was simply that which God’s hand and counsel ‘determined to be done’ (Acts 4:28). When Pilate gave orders that the Lord Jesus should be crucified between the two malefactors, all unknown to himself, he was but putting into execu¬tion the eternal decree of God and fulfilling His prophetic word. Seven hundred years before this Roman officer gave command, God had declared through Isaiah that His Son should be ‘numbered with the transgressors’ (Isa 53:12). ... Not a single word of God can fall to the ground. ‘Forever, O Lord, Thy word is settled in heaven’ (Psa. 119:89). Just as God had or¬dained, and just as He had announced, so it came to pass.” [= Bukanlah suatu kebetulan bahwa Tuhan Kemuliaan disalibkan di antara 2 pencuri. Tidak ada kebetulan dalam suatu dunia yang diperintah oleh Allah. Lebih-lebih lagi tidak ada kebetulan pada Hari dari segala hari itu, atau berhubungan dengan Peristiwa dari segala peristiwa itu - suatu Hari dan suatu Peristiwa yang terletak di pusat sejarah dunia. Tidak; Allah mengontrol adegan / peristiwa itu. Dari kekekalan Allah telah menentukan kapan dan dimana dan bagaimana dan dengan siapa AnakNya harus mati. Tidak ada yang terjadi karena kebetulan atau karena perubahan pikiran manusia. Semua yang telah Allah tetapkan terjadi persis seperti yang telah Ia tentukan, dan tidak ada apapun yang terjadi kecuali yang sudah Ia rencanakan secara kekal. Apapun yang manusia lakukan hanyalah apa yang kuasa / tangan dan rencana / kehendak Allah ‘tentukan untuk terjadi /
J. I. Packer:
J. I. Packer: “For it is not true that some Christians believe in divine sovereignty while others hold an opposite view. What is true is that all Christians believe in divine sovereignty, but some are not aware that they do, and mistakenly imagine and insist that they reject it.” [= Karena tidak benar bahwa sebagian orang kristen percaya pada kedaulatan ilahi sedangkan yang lain memegang pandangan yang sebaliknya. Yang benar adalah bahwa semua orang kristen percaya pada kedaulatan ilahi, tetapi sebagian tidak menyadari hal itu, dan secara salah membayangkan dan berkeras bahwa mereka menolaknya.] - hal 16.
J. I. Packer: “God’s sovereignty and man’s responsibility are taught us side by side in the same Bible; sometimes, indeed, in the same text. Both are thus guaranteed to us by the same divine authority; both, therefore, are true. It follows that they must be held together, and not played off against each other. Man is a responsible moral agent, though he is also divinely controlled; man is divinely controlled, though he is also a responsible moral agent.” [= Kedaulatan Allah dan tanggung jawab manusia diajarkan bersama-sama dalam Alkitab yang sama; kadang-kadang bahkan dalam text yang sama. Jadi keduanya dijamin bagi kita oleh otoritas ilahi yang sama; karena itu keduanya adalah benar. Sebagai akibatnya / karena itu mereka harus dipegang /
J. I. Packer: “In the Bible, divine sovereignty and human responsibility are not enemies. They are not uneasy neighbours; they are not in an endless state of cold war with each other. They are friends, and they work together.” [= Dalam Alkitab, kedaulatan ilahi dan tanggung jawab manusia bukanlah musuh-musuh. Mereka bukanlah tetangga yang tidak cocok; mereka tidak ada dalam suatu keadaan perang dingin yang tidak ada akhirnya satu dengan yang lain. Mereka adalah sahabat-sahabat
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Jerome Zanchius:
Jerome Zanchius: “We assert that God did from eternity decree to make man in His own image, and also decreed to suffer him to fall from that image in which he should be created, and thereby to forfeit the happiness with which he was invested, which decree and consequences of it were not limited to Adam only, but included and extended to all his natural posterity.” [= Kami menegaskan bahwa Allah dari kekekalan menetapkan untuk membuat manusia menurut gambarNya, dan juga menetapkan untuk membiarkannya jatuh dari gambar itu di dalam mana ia diciptakan, dan dengan demikian kehilangan kebahagiaan dengan mana ia dilingkupi / diperlengkapi, dan ketetapan dan konsekwensi tentang hal itu tidak dibatasi pada Adam saja, tetapi mencakup dan mencapai semua keturunan alamiah /
Jerome Zanchius: “That he fell in consequence of the Divine decree we prove thus: God was either willing that Adam should fall, or unwilling, or indifferent about it. If God was unwilling that Adam should transgress, how came it to pass that he did? ... Surely, If God had not willed the fall, He could, and no doubt would, have prevented it; but He did not prevent it: ergo, He willed it. And if he willed it, He certainly decreed it, for the decree of God is nothing else but the seal and ratification of His will. He does nothing but what He decreed, and He decreed nothing which He did not will, and both will and decree are absolutely eter¬nal, though the execution of both be in time. The only way to evade the force of this reasoning is to say that ‘God was indifferent and unconcerned whether man stood or fell’. But in what a shameful, unwor¬thy light does this represent the Deity! Is it possible for us to imagine that God could be an idle, careless spectator of one of the most important events that ever came to pass? Are not ‘the very hairs of our head are numbered’? Or does ‘a sparrow fall to the ground without our heavenly Father’? If, then, things the most trivial and worthless are subject to the appointment of His decree and the control of His providence, how much more is man, the masterpiece of this lower creation?” [= Bahwa ia jatuh sebagai akibat dari ketetapan ilahi kami buktikan demikian: Allah itu atau menghendaki Adam jatuh, atau tidak menghendaki, atau acuh tak acuh /
Catatan: Jerome Zanchius sebetulnya tidak bisa disebut sebagai seorang Calvinist / Reformed, karena ia hidup sejaman dengan Calvin, yaitu tahun 1516-1590, tetapi dalam persoalan ini jelas bahwa pandangannya adalah pandangan Calvinisme.
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William Hendriksen:
William Hendriksen (tentang Yoh 13:19): “He knows that the treachery of Judas will have a tendency to upset the disciples and to undermine their faith. They might even begin to think of their Master as having become the victim of the plotting of that very shrewd fellow, Judas. This will happen unless the Lord is able to convince them that whatever befalls him, far from taking him by surprise, was included in God’s eternal and all-comprehensi
William Hendriksen (tentang Yoh 13:27): “Thus tersely Jesus dismissed Judas, and at the same time revealed that he, as the Lord of all, was complete Master of the situation. All the details of his passion, including the time-schedule, were in his own hands, not in the hands of the traitor. In the plan of God it had been decided that the Son of God would make himself an offering for sin by his death on the cross, and that this would happen on Friday, the fifteenth of Nisan. That was not the moment which had been selected by the Sanhedrin or by Judas. Hence, Judas must work faster. And Judas does work faster, probably because he now knew (Matt. 26:25) that he had been ‘discovered.’ He was probably afraid lest the whole plot fail if he did not act quickly.” [= Demikianlah dengan pendek dan cepat Yesus membubarkan /
William Hendriksen (tentang Yoh 13:31): “God’s eternal decree is absolutely unchangeable and is sure to be realized.” [= Ketetapan kekal Allah secara mutlak tidak bisa berubah dan pasti akan terwujud.] - ‘The Gospel of John’, hal 250.
William Hendriksen (tentang Yoh 21:18-19): “whatever happens in our lives has been wisely ordained by the Lord, just as the very manner of Peter’s glorious death had been foreseen and predicted.” [= apapun yang terjadi dalam kehidupan kita telah ditentukan secara bijaksana oleh Tuhan, sama seperti cara kematian Petrus yang mulia telah dilihat lebih dulu dan diramalkan.] - ‘The Gospel of John’, hal 475.
William Hendriksen (tentang Yoh 21:22): “Peter must not be so deeply interested in God’s secret counsel (regarding John) that he fails to pay attention to God’s revealed will! It is a lesson which every believer in every age should take to heart.” [= Petrus tidak boleh begitu dalam berminat dalam rencana rahasia Allah (berkenaan dengan Yohanes) sehingga ia gagal untuk memperhatikan kehendak Allah yang dinyatakan! Ini merupakan suatu pelajaran yang harus diperhatikan oleh setiap orang percaya dalam setiap jaman.] - ‘The Gospel of John’, hal 491.
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R. C. Sproul:
R. C. Sproul: “I began the class by reading the opening lines from Chapter III of the Westminster Confession: ‘God, from all eternity, did, by the most wise and holy counsel of His own will, freely, and unchangeably ordain whatsoever comes to pass.’ I stopped reading at that point. I asked, ‘Is there anyone in this room who does not believe the words that I just read?’ A multitude of hands went up. I then asked, ‘Are there any convinced atheists in the room?’ No hands were raised. I then said something outrageous: ‘Everyone who raised his hand to the first question should also have raised his hand to the second question.’ A chorus of groans and protests met my statement. How could I accuse someone of atheism for not believing that God foreordains whatever comes to pass? Those who protested these words were not denying the existence of God. They were not protesting against Christianity. They were protesting against Calvinism. I tried to explain to the class that the idea that God foreordains whatever comes to pass is not an idea unique to Calvinism. It isn’t even unique to Christianity. It is simply a tenet of theism - a necessary tenet of theism.” [= Saya memulai kelas dengan membaca baris-baris pembukaan dari Pasal III dari Westminster Confession of Faith / Pengakuan Iman Westminster: ‘Allah, dari kekekalan, memang, oleh rencana yang paling bijaksana dan kudus dari kehendakNya sendiri, secara bebas, dan secara tak bisa berubah, menentukan apapun yang akan terjadi’. Saya berhenti membaca pada titik itu. Saya bertanya, ‘Adakah siapapun dalam ruangan ini yang tidak percaya kata-kata yang baru saya baca?’ Banyak tangan diangkat. Lalu saya bertanya, ‘Adakah atheis yang sepenuhnya yakin dalam ruangan ini?’ Tak ada tangan yang diangkat. Lalu saya mengatakan sesuatu yang sangat menggemparkan / kasar: ‘Setiap orang yang mengangkat tangannya pada pertanyaan pertama harus juga mengangkat tangannya pada pertanyaan kedua’. Suatu koor suara yang tak setuju dan protes menentang pernyataan saya. Bagaimana saya bisa menuduh seseorang tentang atheisme karena tidak percaya bahwa Allah menentukan apapun yang terjadi? Mereka yang memprotes kata-kata ini bukan sedang menyangkal keberadaan Allah. Mereka bukan sedang memprotes terhadap kekristenan. Mereka sedang memprotes terhadap Calvinisme. Saya mencoba untuk menjelaskan terhadap kelas itu bahwa gagasan bahwa Allah menentukan lebih dulu apapun yang terjadi, bukanlah suatu gagasan yang unik bagi Calvinisme. Itu bahkan tidak / bukan unik bagi kekristenan. Itu merupakan suatu doktrin dari theisme / kepercayaan terhadap Allah - suatu doktrin yang perlu dari theisme.] - ‘Chosen By God’, hal 25-26.
R. C. Sproul: “That God in some sense foreordains whatever comes to pass is a necessary result of his sovereignty. In itself it does not plead for Calvinism. It only declares that God is absolutely sovereign over his creation. God can foreordain things in different ways. But everything that happens must at least happen by his permission. If he permits something, then he must decide to allow it. If He decides to allow something, then is a sense he is foreordaining it. Who, among Christians, would argue that God could not stop something in this world from happening? If God so desires, he has the power to stop the whole world. To say that God foreordains all that comes to pass is simply to say that God is sovereign over his entire creation. If something could come to pass apart from his sovereign permission, then that which came to pass would frustrate his sovereignty. If God refused to permit something to happen and it happened anyway, then whatever caused it to happen would have more authority and power than God himself. If there is any part of creation outside of God’s sovereignty, then God is simply not sovereign. If God is not sovereign, then God is not God. ... Without sovereignty God cannot be God. If we reject divine sovereignty then we must embrace atheism. ... We must hold tightly to God’s sovereignty. Yet we must do it in such a way so as not to violate human freedom.” [= Bahwa Allah dalam arti tertentu menentukan apapun yang akan terjadi merupakan akibat yang harus ada dari kedaulatanNya. Dalam dirinya sendiri itu tidak berargumentasi untuk Calvinisme. Itu hanya menyatakan bahwa Allah itu berdaulat secara mutlak atas ciptaanNya. Allah bisa menentukan lebih dulu hal-hal dengan cara-cara yang berbeda. Tetapi segala sesuatu yang terjadi setidaknya harus terjadi karena ijinNya. Jika Ia mengijinkan sesuatu, maka Ia pasti memutuskan untuk mengijinkannya.
R. C. Sproul: “Then, as now, I realized that evil was a problem for the sovereignty of God. Did evil come into the world against God’s sovereign will? If so, then he is not absolutely sovereign. If not, then we must conclude that in some sense even evil is foreordained by God.” [= Pada saat itu, seperti sekarang, saya menyadari bahwa kejahatan adalah suatu problem untuk kedaulatan Allah. Apakah kejahatan masuk ke dalam dunia menentang kehendak yang berdaulat dari Allah? Jika demikian, maka Ia tidak berdaulat secara mutlak. Jika tidak, maka kita harus menyimpulkan bahwa dalam arti tertentu bahkan kejahatan ditentukan lebih dulu oleh Allah.] - ‘Chosen By God’, hal 29.
R. C. Sproul: “In spite of this excruciating problem we still must affirm that God is not the author of sin. The Bible does not reveal the answers to all our questions. It does reveal the nature and character of God. One thing is absolutely unthinkable, that God could be the author or doer of sin. But this chapter is about God’s sovereignty. We are still left with the question that, given the fact of human sin, how does it relate to God’s sovereignty? If it is true that in some sense God foreordains everything that comes to pass, then it follows with no doubt that God must have foreordained the entrance of sin into the world. That is not to say that God forced it to happen or that he imposed evil upon his creation. All that means is that God must have decided to allow it to happen. If he did not allow it to happen, then it could not have happened, or else he is not sovereign. We know that God is sovereign because we know that God is God. Therefore we must conclude that God foreordained sin.” [= Sekalipun ada problem yang sangat hebat ini kita tetap harus menegaskan bahwa Allah bukan Pencipta dosa. Alkitab tidak menyatakan jawaban-jawaban
R. C. Sproul: “The fact that God decided to allow us to sin does not absolve us from our responsibility for sin.” [= Fakta bahwa Allah memutuskan untuk mengijinkan kita untuk berbuat dosa tidak membebaskan kita dari tanggung jawab kita untuk dosa.] - ‘Chosen By God’, hal 32.
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C. H. Spurgeon:
C. H. Spurgeon: “We are Calvinistic Baptists,” [= Kami adalah orang-orang Baptis yang Calvinistik,] - ‘The Metropolitan Tabernacle’, hal 4 (AGES).
C. H. Spurgeon: “All events are under the control of Providence; consequently all the trials of our outward life are traceable at once to the great First Cause.” [= Semua peristiwa ada di bawah kontrol dari Providensia; dan karenanya semua pencobaan dari kehidupan luar / lahiriah kita bisa langsung diikuti jejaknya sampai kepada sang Penyebab Pertama yang agung.] - ‘Morning and Evening’, September 3, evening.
C. H. Spurgeon: “Let the providence of God do what it may, your business is to do what you can.” [= Biarlah providensia Allah melakukan apapun, urusanmu adalah melakukan apa yang kamu bisa.] - ‘Spurgeon’s Expository Encyclopedia’, vol 7, hal 43.
C. H. Spurgeon (tentang Luk 22:60-61): “God has all things in his hands, he has servants everywhere, and the cock shall crow, by the secret movement of his providence, just when God wills; and there is, perhaps, as much of divine ordination about the crowing of a cock as about the ascending of an emperor to his throne. Things are only little and great according to their bearings; and God reckoned not the crowing bird to be a small thing, since it was to bring a wanderer back to his Saviour, for, just as the cock crew, ‘The Lord turned, and looked upon Peter.’ That was a different look from the one which the girl had given him, but that look broke his heart.” [= Allah mempunyai / memegang segala sesuatu di tanganNya, Ia mempunyai pelayan di mana-mana, dan ayam akan berkokok, oleh gerakan /
C. H. Spurgeon (tentang Rut 2:3): “Her hap was. Yes, it seemed nothing but an accidental happenstance, but how divinely was it planned! Ruth had gone forth with her mother’s blessing under the care of her mother’s God to humble but honorable toil, and the providence of God was guiding her every step. Little did she know that amid the sheaves she would find a husband, that he would make her the joint owner of all those broad acres, and that she, a poor foreigner, would become one of the progenitors of the great Messiah. ... Chance is banished from the faith of Christians, for they see the hand of God in everything. The trivial events of today or tomorrow may involve consequences of the highest importance.” [= ‘Kebetulan ia berada’. Ya, itu kelihatannya bukan lain dari pada suatu kejadian yang bersifat kebetulan, tetapi hal itu direncanakan secara ilahi! Rut telah pergi dengan berkat dari ibunya di bawah perhatian dari Allah ibunya kepada pekerjaan yang rendah tetapi terhormat, dan providensia Allah membimbing setiap langkahnya. Sedikitpun ia tidak menyangka bahwa di antara berkas-berkas jelai itu ia akan menemukan seorang suami, bahwa ia akan membuatnya menjadi pemilik dari seluruh tanah yang luas itu, dan bahwa ia, seorang asing yang miskin, akan menjadi salah seorang nenek moyang dari Mesias yang agung. ... Kebetulan dibuang dari iman orang-orang Kristen, karena mereka melihat bahwa tangan Allah ada dalam segala sesuatu. Peristiwa-peris
C. H. Spurgeon: “man, acting according to the device of his own heart, is nevertheless overruled by that sovereign and wise legislation ... How these two things are true I cannot tell. ... I am not sure that in heaven we shall be able to know where the free agency of man and the sovereignty of God meet, but both are great truths. God has predestinated everything yet man is responsible, for he acts freely, and no constraint is put upon him even when he sinneth and disobeyeth wantonly and wickedly the will of God.” [= manusia, bertindak sesuka hatinya, bagaimanapun dikalahkan /
C. H. Spurgeon (tentang tentara yang tidak mematahkan kaki Kristus tetapi menusukNya dengan tombak - Yoh 19:33-34):
“They acted of their own free will, and yet at the same time they fulfilled the eternal counsel of God. Shall we never be able to drive into men’s mind the truth that predestination and free agency are both facts? Men sin as freely as birds fly in the air, and they are altogether responsible for their sin; and yet everything is ordained and foreseen of God. The foreordination of God in no degree interferes with the responsibility of man. I have often been asked by persons to reconcile the two truths. My only reply is - They need no reconciliation,
“They acted of their own free will, and yet at the same time they fulfilled the eternal counsel of God. Shall we never be able to drive into men’s mind the truth that predestination and free agency are both facts? Men sin as freely as birds fly in the air, and they are altogether responsible for their sin; and yet everything is ordained and foreseen of God. The foreordination of God in no degree interferes with the responsibility of man. I have often been asked by persons to reconcile the two truths. My only reply is - They need no reconciliation,
C. H. Spurgeon (tentang Luk 22:22): “The decree of God does not lessen the responsibility of man for his action. Even though it is predetermined of God, the man does it of his own free will, and on him falls the full guilt of it.” [= Ketetapan Allah tidak mengurangi tanggung jawab manusia untuk tindakannya. Sekalipun hal itu sudah ditentukan lebih dulu oleh Allah, manusia melakukannya dengan kehendak bebasnya sendiri, dan pada dialah jatuh kesalahan sepenuhnya.] - ‘Spurgeon’s Expository Encyclopedia’, vol 12, hal 18.
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G. C. Berkouwer:
G. C. Berkouwer: “the traditional confession of the Church, the confession of God’s Providence over all things. This total and universal aspect of the Church’s confession renders it unacceptable to many as too simple an answer to the urgency of our times. Can all this, all this that fills men’s hearts, fall within the circle of a Divine Providence? Can man with honesty and clear conscience still believe it? It seems as though this confession - God’s rule over all things, more than other confessions - were thrown into the crucible of the times. This does not mean that in fairer days the Providence of God was never doubted or denied. Even in eras of peace and quiet, when man still had confidence in the inevitable gradual improvement of life, there were burning questions to disturb the honest mind. The lot of man in sickness, suffering, and death has always raised questions about God’s Providence. But the question forces itself far more directly and disturbingly upon us in times of all-embracing crisis, in times when nihilism has become a fad.” [= pengakuan tradisionil dari Gereja, pengakuan tentang Providensia Allah atas segala sesuatu. Aspek total dan universal dari pengakuan Gereja menyebabkannya menjadi tidak bisa diterima bagi banyak orang sebagai suatu jawaban yang terlalu sederhana terhadap keadaan mendesak dari jaman kita. Bisakah semua ini, semua ini yang memenuhi hati manusia, jatuh di dalam lingkaran dari suatu Providensia Ilahi? Bisakah manusia dengan kejujuran dan hati nurani yang bersih tetap mempercayainya?
Catatan: ‘nihilism’ = “The doctrine that nothing actually exists or that existence or values are meaningless.” [= Ajaran bahwa tak ada apapun yang sungguh-sungguh
Catatan: ‘nihilism’ = “The doctrine that nothing actually exists or that existence or values are meaningless.” [= Ajaran bahwa tak ada apapun yang sungguh-sungguh
G. C. Berkouwer: “When the person and work of Christ was in the center of dispute, the Providence doctrine had not yet became a serious stumbling block. Providence seemed to be a ‘truth’ which could rely upon universal assent - in distinction from other truths like the virgin birth, the resurrection, and the ascension, which were the SCANDALON of the nineteenth century. Anyone who accepted the existence of God usually believed as well that He sustained and ruled the world. ... All this in our century is radically altered. The friendliness of God, which man thought he saw reflected in the stream of history, has become increasingly disputable. ... The facts of experience which used to be the most striking illustrations of God’s Providence have become an even more convincing counter-argumen
G. C. Berkouwer: “WE HAVE remarked that sustenance and government should not be isolated from each other, but must be seen as two aspects of the one almighty and omnipresent act of God. In thinking of Providence as government, we accent the purpose that God proposes and achieves in His holy activity. The sustaining of the world, as we have noted, is also related to His purpose for the future. The only difference is that in the government of God we deal with the purposefulness more explicitly. This rule has neither spatial nor temporal boundaries. ... As God’s rule is incomprehensibl
G. C. Berkouwer: “The believer is never the victim of the powers of nature or fate. Chance is eliminated.” [= Orang percaya tidak pernah merupakan korban dari kuasa-kuasa dari alam atau nasib. Kebetulan dibuang / disingkirkan.] - ‘Studies In Dogmatics: The Providence of God’, hal 85.
G. C. Berkouwer: “God’s purposes are in all His activity. When He seems most distant, even concealed, He is often near in judgment. But in the judgment He never loses sight of His purpose.” [= Rencana-rencana
G. C. Berkouwer: “Scripture stands, thus, in polar opposition to every form of deism which isolates God from the affairs of the world. His immanent leading spans all the ways of man and reaches into the intents of the heart:” [= Jadi, Kitab Suci berdiri dalam pertentangan yang extrim terhadap setiap bentuk dari Deisme, yang mengisolasi Allah dari urusan-urusan dunia. PimpinanNya yang dekat mencakup semua jalan-jalan dari manusia dan menjangkau ke dalam maksud-maksud dari hati:] - ‘Studies In Dogmatics: The Providence of God’, hal 87-88.
Catatan: Berkouwer lalu mengutip 3 ayat Alkitab, yaitu Amsal 16:9 Amsal 21:1 dan Amsal 21:30.
Catatan: Berkouwer lalu mengutip 3 ayat Alkitab, yaitu Amsal 16:9 Amsal 21:1 dan Amsal 21:30.
Saya telah memberikan sangat banyak kutipan-kutipan
Terhadap orang-orang yang memfitnah bahwa ajaran saya adalah ajaran Hyper-Calvinism
-o0o-
